AP Inter 1st Year Zoology 1st Lesson The Living World Questions and Answers
IV. Very Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
What does ICZN stand for ?
Answer:
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
Question 2.
Define taxon. Give two examples of taxa at different hierarchical levels.
Answer:
- A taxon is a level of hierarchy in the system of classifying organisms.
- The two examples of taxa are – The basic level of classification is species and the highest level of classification is known as kingdom.
Ex: Mango
Kingdom – Plantae
Phylum or Division – Angiospermae
Class – Dicotyledonae
Order – Sapindales
Family – Anacardiaceae
Genus – Mangifera
Species – indica
Ex: Man
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum or Division – Chordata
Class – Mammalia
Order – primata
Family – Homonidae
Genus – Homo
Spècies – sapiens.
Question 3.
What is biodiversity?
Answer:
- The variety of life of all living organisms, their genetic makeup, and the ecosystems they inhabit is biodiversity.
- The number of species that are known and described ranges between 1.7 to 1.8 million.
Question 4.
What are the basic processes in taxonomy ?
Answer:
Characterisation, Identification, Classification and nomenclature are the processes in taxonomy.
Question 5.
What is nomenclature in taxonomy and which process precedes it ?
Answer:
The process of naming of animals with a distinctive (scientific) names is called nomenclature. The process that precedes nomenclature is characterization, identification, classifiction.
Question 6.
Define the word systematics. What is the title of Linnaeus’s publication ?
Answer:
- The word systematic is derived from the Latin word ‘Systema’ means systematic arrangement of organisms.
- The title of Linnaeus’s publication is Systema Naturae.
Question 7.
What is binomial nomenclature? Give an example.
Answer:
Binomial nomenclature is a system of scientific naming in which the organism has two components. The first name represents the genus, and the second part represents the specific epithet.
Ex: Mango – The scientific name is written as Mangifera indica.
V. Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
Define the following terms.
a) Phylum
b) Class
c) Family
d) Genus
Answer:
(a) Phylum: It includes one or more classes.
- Classes comprising animals like fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds along with mammals.
- These are based on common features like presence of notochord and a dorsal hollow neural system which are included in phylum chordata.
- In case of plants classes with a few similar characters are assigned to a higher category called Division.
(b) Class: It includes one or more related orders.
- For example the order primata comprising monkeys, gorillas and gibbons is placed in class of mammalia and along with the order Carnivora that includes animals like tigers, cats and dogs.
(c) Family: It includes one or more genera.
- Families are characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species.
- For example – Among plants three different genera Solanum, Petunia and Datura are placed in the family Solanaceae.
- Among animals Genus Panthera comprising lions, tigers, leopards is put along with genus Felis (cats) in the family Felidae.
(d) Genus:
- It is a group of related species, resembling one another in certain characters.
- Example: Potato and Brinjal are two different species but both belong to the genus Solanum.
- Lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus) and tiger (P.tigris) with several common features are all species of the genus Panthera.
Question 2.
Illustrate the taxonomic hierarchy with an animal example.
Answer:
The table below is the taxonomic hierarchy with humans as an example of an animal.
| Taxonomic categories | Human |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum/Division | Chordata |
| Class | Mammalia |
| Order | Primates |
| Family | Hominidae |
| Genus | Homo |
| Species | Sapiens |
Question 3.
What is binomial nomenclature? Write the universal rules of nomenclature.
Answer:
- In binomial nomenclature biologist follow universally accepted principles to provide scientific names to known organisms.
- Each name has two components – the generic name and the specific epithet.
- This naming system given by carolus Linnaeus is being practised by biologists all over the world.
- This naming system using a two word format was found convenient.
- The scientific name of mango is written as Mangifera indicAnswer: In this name Mangifera represents the genus, while indica is species.
- Name of the author appears after the specific epithet i.e., at the end of the biological name and is written in an abbreviated form.
Ex : Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus.
The universal rules of nomenclature are –
- Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. They are Latinised or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin.
- The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second component denotes the specific epithet.
- Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately underlined or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
- The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter.
Question 4.
Write short notes on Classification. Taxonomy and Systematics.
Answer:
Classification: Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some early observable characters.
- For example, we easily recognise groups such as plants or animals or dogs, cats or insects.
- The moment we use any of these terms we associate certain characters with the organism in that group.
Taxonomy:
Based on characteristics, all living organisms can be classified into different taxa. This process of classification is taxonomy.
- Characterization, Identification, Classification and Nomenclature are the processes that are basic to taxonomy.
- External and internal structure along with the structure of cell, development process and ecological information of organisms are essential and form the basis of modern taxonomic studies.
- The science of classifying organisms it involves describing, naming, and grouping living things (plants, animals, and microorganisms) based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
Systematics: The systematic arrangement of organisms.
- The word systematic is derived from the Latin word ‘Systema’ which means systematic arrangement of organisms.
- Linnaeus used ‘Systema naturae’ as the title of his publications.
- The scope of systematic was later enlarged to include Identification, Nomenclature and Classification.
- Systematics takes into account evolutionary relationships between organisms.
I. Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
What is the first process in taxonomy ?
1. Identification
2. Nomenclature
3. Classification
4. Characterization
Answer:
4. Characterization
Question 2.
The second word in Binomial nomenclature represents ___________
1. genus
2. family
3. species
4. class
Answer:
3. species
Question 3.
Select the correctly written scientific name of the human being.
1. Homo species
2. Homo sapiens
3. Homo sapians
4. Homo genus family
Answer:
2. Homo sapiens
Question 4.
In a taxonomic hierarchy family is placed between
1. class and kingdom
2. order and class
3. genus and order
4. genus and class
Answer:
3. genus and order
Question 5.
The lowest taxonomic category is
1. genus
2. family
3. species
4. taxon
Answer:
3. species
Question 6.
Which of the following is not a taxon in Linnaeus hierarchy ?
1. Class
2. Kingdom
3. Population
4. Family
Answer:
3. Population
Question 7.
Which of the following belongs to the family Muscidae ?
1. Housefly
2. Grasshopper
3. Firefly
4. Cockroach
Answer:
1. Housefly
Question 8.
Nomenclature is governed by the rules of ICZN. Which of the following is contrary to the rules of nomenclature ?
1. Handwritten scientific names should be underlined.
2. Every organism should have a generic name and a specific epithet.
3. Scientific names are in Latin and should be printed in italics.
4. Both genus and species names start with a capital letter.
Answer:
4. Both genus and species names start with a capital letter.
Question 9.
Can you identify the correct sequence of taxonomical categories?
1. Species – Order – Genus – Kingdom
2. Genus – Species – Order – Kingdom
3. Species – Genus – Order – Phylum
4. Genus – Family – Class – Order
Answer:
3. Species – Genus – Order – Phylum
Question 10.
Biological names are printed in
1. Bold letters
2. Capital letters
3. Italics
4. Small letters
Answer:
3. Italics
II. Fill in the Blanks
Question 1.
The book “Systema Naturae” was written by ___________.
Answer:
Linnaeus
Question 2.
The system of providing a scientific name with two components is called ___________.
Answer:
Binomial nomenclatur
Question 3.
The first word in binomial nomenclature represents ___________.
Answer:
Genus
Question 4.
In binomial nomenclature, the word denoting the genus starts with a .
Answer:
Capital letter
Question 5.
The process of classification is called ___________.
Answer:
Taxonomy
Question 6.
Biological names are generally derived from ___________.
Answer:
Latin
Question 7.
The group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities is called ___________.
Answer:
Species
Question 8.
The scientific name of lion is ___________.
Answer:
Panthera leo
III. One Word Answer Questions
Question 1.
Which taxonomic category comprises a group of related species ?
Answer:
Genus
Question 2.
Who proposed binomial nomenclature ?
Answer:
Linnaeus
Question 3.
Who is known as ‘the Darwin of the 20th century’ ?
Answer:
Ernst Mayr
Question 4.
Write the generic name of tiger.
Answer:
Panthera
Question 5.
What is the scientific term used to describe the categories in biological classification?
Answer:
Taxa
Question 6.
What is the highest category in taxonomic hierarchy?
Answer:
Kingdom
Question 7.
Name the Immediate higher category of “family” in the taxonomic hierarchy.
Answer:
Order
Question 8.
Which branch of biology deals with the different kinds of organisms, their diversities, and the relationships among them ?
Answer:
Systematics
Question 9.
Which taxonomic category includes related orders ?
Answer:
Class